Map: Natural Earth (PD)
Europe from classical antiquity and medieval kingdoms to revolutions, modern science, literature and the arts.
364 figures
Leonardo da Vinci
1452–1519
Early modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor · Engineer · Anatomist · Inventor
Marie Curie
1867–1934
Modern · Science
Physicist · Chemist
Socrates
c. 469 BC–399 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher · Teacher · Ethicist
Plato
c. 427 BC–c. 347 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer
Michelangelo
1475–1564
Early modern · Art
Sculptor · Painter · Architect · Poet
Hippocrates
c. 460 BC–c. 370 BC
Ancient · Medicine
Physician
Sappho
c. 630 BC–c. 570 BC
Ancient · Literature
Poet
Hildegard of Bingen
1098–1179
Medieval · Music
Composer · Abbess · Mystic
Joan of Arc
1412–1431
Medieval · Military
Military leader
William Shakespeare
1564–1616
Early modern · Literature
Playwright · Poet
Galileo Galilei
1564–1642
Early modern · Science
Astronomer · Physicist · Mathematician
Isaac Newton
1642–1727
Early modern · Science
Physicist · Mathematician
Martin Luther
1483–1546
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · Writer
Elizabeth I
1533–1603
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Mary Wollstonecraft
1759–1797
Early modern · Philosophy
Writer · Philosopher · Feminist
Johann Sebastian Bach
1685–1750
Early modern · Music
Composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1756–1791
Early modern · Music
Composer
Ada Lovelace
1815–1852
Modern · Invention
Mathematician · Programmer
Charles Darwin
1809–1882
Modern · Science
Naturalist
Florence Nightingale
1820–1910
Modern · Medicine
Nurse · Statistician
Louis Pasteur
1822–1895
Modern · Medicine
Chemist · Microbiologist
Nikola Tesla
1856–1943
Modern · Invention
Inventor · Engineer · Physicist
Ludwig van Beethoven
1770–1827
Modern · Music
Composer
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769–1821
Modern · Military
Emperor · Military leader · Politician
Hedy Lamarr
1914–2000
Contemporary · Invention
Inventor · Actor
Yuri Gagarin
1934–1968
Contemporary · Exploration
Astronaut · Aircraft pilot
Alexander the Great
356 BC–323 BC
Ancient · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Charlemagne
c. 742–814
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Frederick II of Prussia
1712–1786
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Military leader · Philosopher
Louis IX of France
1214–1270
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
Louis XIV of France
1638–1715
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Napoleon III
1808–1873
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer
Aristotle
384 BC–322 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher
Henry VIII of England
1491–1547
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Composer
Innocent III
1160–1216
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian · Writer
Francis I of France
1494–1547
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Justinian I
482–565
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Politician · legislator
Francis Xavier
1506–1552
Early modern · Religion
missionary · Religious leader
Vladimir Lenin
1870–1924
Modern · Politics
Politician · revolutionary · Writer
Herodotus
484 BC–425 BC
Ancient · Literature
historian · Writer
Philip II of France
1165–1223
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
Hugo Grotius
1583–1645
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Lawyer · Writer
Adolf Hitler
1889–1945
Modern · Politics
Politician · Political activist · Writer
Odoacer
433–493
Ancient · Military
Military leader · Monarch
Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1592–1666
Early modern · Science
Astronomer · Mathematician · missionary · translator
Albert Einstein
1879–1955
Modern · Science
Physicist · Mathematician · Philosopher · Writer
Julius Caesar
100 BC–44 BC
Ancient · Politics
Politician · Military leader · Writer
Alcuin
740–804
Medieval · Religion
theologian · Teacher · Writer · Philosopher
John II of Portugal
1455–1495
Early modern · Exploration
Monarch · Politician
Benito Mussolini
1883–1945
Modern · Politics
Politician · Journalist
Pyrrhus
318 BC–272 BC
Ancient · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Peter the Great
1672–1725
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
David Lloyd George
1863–1945
Modern · Politics
Politician · Lawyer · Writer
Tacitus
55–120
Ancient · Literature
historian · Writer · Politician
Boniface VIII
1235–1303
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian · Writer
Frederick Barbarossa
1122–1190
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Tadeusz Kościuszko
1746–1817
Early modern · Military
Military leader · Engineer · Political activist
Gregory VII
1020–1085
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian
Thomas More
1478–1535
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Politician · Lawyer
Karl Marx
1818–1883
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Journalist · revolutionary
Vasco da Gama
c. 1460–1525
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer · Military leader
Nikita Khrushchev
1894–1971
Modern · Politics
Politician · revolutionary
John, King of England
1166–1216
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Voltaire
1694–1778
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Playwright
Marco Polo
1254–1324
Medieval · Exploration
Explorer · Writer · Entrepreneur
Wilhelm II
1859–1941
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Otto I the Great
912–973
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Catherine II of Russia
1729–1796
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Philip IV of France
1268–1314
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Christopher Columbus
1451–1506
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1757–1834
Early modern · Military
Military leader · Politician · Political activist
Ivan the Terrible
1530–1584
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Jan Hus
1370–1415
Medieval · Religion
theologian · Religious leader · Writer · Teacher
Leo X
1475–1521
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · Politician
Urban II
c. 1035–1099
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian
Marie Antoinette
1755–1793
Early modern · Politics
Monarch
Mary I
1516–1558
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Stepan Razin
c. 1630–1671
Early modern · Social reform
revolutionary · Military leader
Aeschylus
c. 525 BC–456 BC
Ancient · Literature
Playwright · Writer · Poet
Abd-ar-Rahman III
891–961
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Adam Smith
1723–1790
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Teacher
Alexander I of Russia
1777–1825
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1918–2008
Contemporary · Literature
Writer · Novelist · historian
Attila
c. 406–453
Ancient · Military
Military leader · Monarch
Andre Malraux
1901–1976
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Politician · Journalist
Boris Yeltsin
1931–2007
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Engineer
Antoninus Pius
86–161
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Innocent IV
c. 1195–1254
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian
Archimedes
c. 287 BC–212 BC
Ancient · Science
Mathematician · Physicist · Engineer · Inventor · Astronomer
Albrecht von Wallenstein
1583–1634
Early modern · Military
Military leader · Politician
Benjamin Disraeli
1804–1881
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · Novelist
Aristarchus of Samos
c. 310 BC–c. 230 BC
Ancient · Science
Astronomer · Mathematician
Alfred the Great
849–899
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Writer · Politician
Alexander VI
1431–1503
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · Politician
Aristophanes
c. 445 BC–c. 385 BC
Ancient · Literature
Playwright · Poet · Writer
Amerigo Vespucci
1454–1512
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Writer
Augustus
63 BC–14
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Politician · Military leader
Anselm of Canterbury
1033–1109
Medieval · Religion
theologian · Philosopher · Writer
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
1665–1714
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Cardinal Richelieu
1585–1642
Early modern · Politics
Politician · Religious leader · Writer
Averroes
1126–1198
Medieval · Philosophy
Philosopher · Physician · Writer
Mikhail Gorbachev
1931–2022
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Lawyer · Writer
Bartolome de Las Casas
1484–1566
Early modern · Social reform
missionary · Writer · theologian
Eugene Delacroix
1798–1863
Modern · Art
Painter · Writer
Bartolomeu Dias
c. 1467–1500
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
1768–1835
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Basil I
c. 811–886
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Baruch Spinoza
1632–1677
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · theologian · Writer
Friedrich Engels
1820–1895
Modern · Social reform
Philosopher · Writer · revolutionary
Cardinal Mazarin
1602–1661
Early modern · Politics
Politician · Religious leader
Caracalla
188–217
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Casimir III the Great
1310–1370
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Charles XII of Sweden
1682–1718
Early modern · Military
Monarch · Military leader
George Bernard Shaw
1856–1950
Modern · Literature
Playwright · Writer
Alexander Dubček
1921–1992
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Political activist
Charles IV
1316–1378
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician · Writer
Catherine de' Medici
1519–1589
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Charles Martel
c. 688–741
Medieval · Military
Military leader · Politician
Charles VIII of France
1470–1498
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Charles VII of France
1403–1461
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
David Ricardo
1772–1823
Early modern · Business
Writer · Politician · Banker · Philosopher
Joseph Chamberlain
1836–1914
Modern · Politics
Politician
Dante Alighieri
1265–1321
Medieval · Literature
Poet · Writer · Philosopher · Politician
Denis Diderot
1713–1784
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · translator · Playwright · Novelist
Leon Trotsky
1879–1940
Modern · Politics
revolutionary · Politician · Writer · Journalist · historian
Cicero
107 BC–43 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Politician · Philosopher · Writer · Lawyer · Poet
Diego Velázquez
1599–1660
Early modern · Art
Painter
Cleisthenes
c. 565 BC–c. 501 BC
Ancient · Politics
Politician
Ecgberht
c. 771–839
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
Claude Lévi-Strauss
1908–2009
Contemporary · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Teacher
Edward III of England
1312–1377
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
Edward Jenner
1749–1823
Early modern · Medicine
Physician · Naturalist · Biologist
Max Weber
1864–1920
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · historian · Teacher
Edward, the Black Prince
1330–1376
Medieval · Military
Military commander · Politician
Edward VI of England
1537–1553
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Writer
Democritus
c. 461 BC–c. 361 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher · Mathematician
El Greco
1541–1614
Early modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor · Architect
François Mitterrand
1916–1996
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Lawyer · Journalist
Demosthenes
384 BC–322 BC
Ancient · Politics
Politician · Writer
Erasmus
c. 1466–1536
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · theologian · Writer · translator
Francis Bacon
1561–1626
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Lawyer · Politician
Nicholas I of Russia
1796–1855
Modern · Politics
Monarch
Francis Drake
1540–1596
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer · Politician
Nicholas II of Russia
1868–1918
Modern · Politics
Monarch
Francisco Goya
1746–1828
Early modern · Art
Painter · Printmaker
János Kádár
1912–1989
Contemporary · Politics
Politician
François Rabelais
1494–1553
Early modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Physician
George Frideric Handel
1685–1759
Early modern · Music
Composer · Teacher
Sven Hedin
1865–1952
Modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naturalist · Writer
Giordano Bruno
1548–1600
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Astronomer · Poet
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1646–1716
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Mathematician · Physicist · historian · Writer
Thomas Mann
1875–1955
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Poet
Victoria
1819–1901
Modern · Politics
Monarch
Epaminondas
418 BC–362 BC
Ancient · Military
Military leader · Military commander · Politician
Filippo Brunelleschi
1377–1446
Medieval · Art
Architect · Engineer · Sculptor
Hans Holbein the Younger
1497–1543
Early modern · Art
Painter · Printmaker
Władysław Gomułka
1905–1982
Modern · Politics
Politician · Political activist
George I of Great Britain
1660–1727
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Henry IV of France
1553–1610
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician · Military commander
Winston Churchill
1874–1965
Modern · Politics
Politician · historian · Writer
Margaret Thatcher
1925–2013
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Chemist · Lawyer
Giovanni Boccaccio
1313–1375
Medieval · Literature
Writer · Poet
Huldrych Zwingli
1484–1531
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · theologian · Writer · translator
Euripides
481 BC–407 BC
Ancient · Literature
Playwright · Poet · Writer · Philosopher
Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
1182–1252
Medieval · Exploration
Explorer · missionary · Writer · historian
Ignatius of Loyola
1491–1556
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · theologian
Immanuel Kant
1724–1804
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Physicist · Mathematician · Naturalist
Alexander II of Russia
1818–1881
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Gregory I
540–604
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · theologian · Writer
Alexander Kerensky
1881–1970
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Lawyer · revolutionary
Ivan III of Moscow
1440–1505
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Alexei Kosygin
1904–1980
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Engineer
Jacques-Benigne Bossuet
1627–1704
Early modern · Religion
theologian · Writer · Religious leader · Philosopher
Alfred Nobel
1833–1896
Modern · Invention
Inventor · Chemist · Engineer · Entrepreneur
Jean Bodin
1530–1596
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Lawyer · historian · Writer
Alphonse de Lamartine
1790–1869
Modern · Literature
Writer · Poet · Politician · historian
Hadrian
76–138
Ancient · Politics
Monarch · Politician · Military leader · Poet
Henry IV
1050–1106
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Jean le Rond d Alembert
1717–1783
Early modern · Science
Mathematician · Physicist · Philosopher · Writer
Václav Havel
1936–2011
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Writer · Playwright · Poet
Heraclius
575–641
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Military leader
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1749–1832
Modern · Literature
Writer · Poet · Playwright · Novelist · Philosopher
André Gide
1869–1951
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Playwright · translator · Journalist
Johannes Vermeer
1632–1675
Early modern · Art
Painter
Heraclitus
535 BC–471 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer
Hugh Capet
940–996
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
John Cabot
1450–1498
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer
Anton Chekhov
1860–1904
Modern · Literature
Writer · Playwright · Physician
Horace
65 BC–8 BC
Ancient · Literature
Poet · Writer · Philosopher
John Calvin
1509–1564
Early modern · Religion
theologian · Religious leader · Writer · Lawyer
Arthur Rimbaud
1854–1891
Modern · Literature
Poet · Writer
James VI and I
1566–1625
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Writer · Poet
John Kay
1704–1779
Early modern · Invention
Inventor
Arthur Schopenhauer
1788–1860
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · translator
Isocrates
436 BC–338 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Writer · Philosopher · Teacher
James II of England
1633–1701
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1741–1790
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician · Military leader
Auguste Rodin
1840–1917
Modern · Art
Sculptor · Painter · Printmaker
Johannes Gutenberg
c. 1400–1468
Medieval · Invention
Inventor · Engineer
Bedřich Smetana
1824–1884
Modern · Music
Composer · Teacher
John Ball
c. 1338–1381
Medieval · Social reform
Religious leader · Political activist · Politician
Louis XIII of France
1601–1643
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Bertolt Brecht
1898–1956
Modern · Literature
Playwright · Poet · Writer · film director · Actor
John Wycliffe
c. 1320–1385
Medieval · Religion
theologian · Philosopher · translator · Writer · Religious leader
Louis XV of France
1710–1774
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Louis XVIII of France
1755–1824
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Maria Theresa of Austria
1717–1780
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Mary II of England
1662–1695
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Claude Debussy
1862–1918
Modern · Music
Composer
Leo III
c. 750–816
Medieval · Religion
Religious leader · Writer
Claude Monet
1840–1926
Modern · Art
Painter
Leo III the Syrian
c. 675–741
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Military leader
Marcus Aurelius
121–180
Ancient · Philosophy
Emperor · Monarch · Philosopher · Writer
Michel de Montaigne
1533–1592
Early modern · Philosophy
Writer · Philosopher · Politician
Miguel de Cervantes
1547–1616
Early modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Playwright · Poet
Dmitri Shostakovich
1906–1975
Contemporary · Music
Composer
Moliere
1622–1673
Early modern · Literature
Playwright · Actor · Writer
Niccolo Machiavelli
1469–1527
Early modern · Philosophy
Writer · Philosopher · Politician
Eamon de Valera
1882–1975
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · revolutionary · Mathematician
Nero
37–68
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473–1543
Early modern · Science
Astronomer · Mathematician · Physician
Edouard Manet
1832–1883
Modern · Art
Painter
Nerva
30–98
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Politician
Edvard Benes
1884–1948
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Teacher · Writer
Pedro Alvares Cabral
c. 1467–c. 1520
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer
Pericles
c. 494 BC–c. 429 BC
Ancient · Politics
Politician · Military leader
Philip II of Spain
1527–1598
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Phidias
c. 500 BC–c. 430 BC
Ancient · Art
Sculptor · Architect · Painter
Philip V of Spain
1683–1746
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Ernst Röhm
1887–1934
Modern · Politics
Politician · Military leader
Philip II of Macedon
386 BC–336 BC
Ancient · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Pierre-Simon Laplace
1749–1827
Early modern · Science
Mathematician · Astronomer · Physicist · Statistician
Pisistratus
c. 600 BC–527 BC
Ancient · Politics
Politician
Petrarch
1304–1374
Medieval · Literature
Poet · Writer · Philosopher · translator
Franz Joseph I of Austria
1830–1916
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Plutarch
c. 40–c. 120
Ancient · Literature
Writer · historian · Philosopher
Raphael
1483–1520
Early modern · Art
Painter · Architect
Franz Kafka
1883–1924
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Lawyer
Polybius
c. 200 BC–c. 120 BC
Ancient · Literature
historian · Writer
Rembrandt
1606–1669
Early modern · Art
Painter · Printmaker
Franz Schubert
1797–1828
Modern · Music
Composer
Pompey
106 BC–48 BC
Ancient · Military
Politician · Military leader
René Descartes
1596–1650
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Mathematician · Physicist · Writer
Frédéric Chopin
1810–1849
Modern · Music
Composer
Protagoras
c. 490 BC–c. 420 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher
Richard I of England
1157–1199
Medieval · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Friedrich Hölderlin
1770–1843
Modern · Literature
Poet · Writer · translator · Philosopher
Roger Bacon
1220–1292
Medieval · Science
Philosopher · Mathematician · theologian · Inventor · Writer
Friedrich Nietzsche
1844–1900
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Poet
Pythagoras
c. 583 BC–c. 491 BC
Ancient · Science
Philosopher · Mathematician
Roger II of Sicily
1095–1154
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
1821–1881
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Philosopher
Rollo
c. 860–c. 932
Medieval · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Thomas Hobbes
1588–1679
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · historian
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1770–1831
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer
Rurik
c. 830–c. 879
Medieval · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
George Orwell
1903–1950
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Journalist
Thomas Müntzer
1489–1525
Early modern · Religion
theologian · Religious leader · revolutionary
Georgi Plekhanov
1856–1918
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Politician · revolutionary · Journalist
Thomas Newcomen
1664–1729
Early modern · Invention
Inventor · Engineer
Giuseppe Mazzini
1805–1872
Modern · Politics
Politician · revolutionary · Writer
Thomas Paine
1737–1809
Early modern · Politics
Writer · Political activist · Philosopher
Gregor Mendel
1822–1884
Modern · Science
Biologist · Naturalist · Mathematician
Sigismund
1368–1437
Medieval · Politics
Monarch
Grigori Rasputin
1869–1916
Modern · Religion
Mystic · Spiritual teacher
Strabo
c. 63 BC–c. 23
Ancient · Science
historian · Writer
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
1208–1265
Medieval · Politics
Politician · Military leader
Gustav Stresemann
1878–1929
Modern · Politics
Politician
Gustave Courbet
1819–1877
Modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor
Vitus Bering
1681–1741
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer
Gustave Flaubert
1821–1880
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist
Thales
c. 625 BC–c. 546 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher · Mathematician · Astronomer
Guy de Maupassant
1850–1893
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Journalist
Themistocles
c. 524 BC–c. 459 BC
Ancient · Military
Politician · Military leader
Thomas Aquinas
1225–1274
Medieval · Philosophy
theologian · Philosopher · Writer
Theodoric the Great
454–526
Ancient · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Heinrich Himmler
1900–1945
Contemporary · Politics
Politician · Military leader
Thucydides
c. 461 BC–c. 395 BC
Ancient · Literature
historian · Writer
Mayer Amschel Rothschild
1744–1812
Early modern · Business
Banker · Entrepreneur
Trajan
53–117
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Military leader
Henrik Ibsen
1828–1906
Modern · Literature
Playwright · Writer · Poet
Herbert Spencer
1820–1903
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Journalist
Afonso de Albuquerque
1453–1515
Early modern · Exploration
Explorer · Naval officer · Military leader
Hermann Hesse
1877–1962
Contemporary · Literature
Novelist · Poet · Writer
Valerian
c. 199–c. 264
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Military leader · Politician
Hermann von Helmholtz
1821–1894
Modern · Science
Physicist · Physician
Virgil
70 BC–19 BC
Ancient · Literature
Poet · Writer
William of Ockham
c. 1287–c. 1349
Medieval · Philosophy
Philosopher · theologian
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
1727–1781
Early modern · Politics
Politician · Philosopher
William of Rubruck
c. 1220–c. 1293
Medieval · Exploration
Explorer · missionary · Writer
Cesare Borgia
1475–1507
Early modern · Politics
Politician · Military leader
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
1754–1838
Modern · Politics
Politician
Honore Daumier
1808–1879
Modern · Art
Painter · Printmaker · Sculptor
Charles X of France
1757–1836
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Honore de Balzac
1799–1850
Modern · Literature
Novelist · Writer · Journalist
Henri de Saint-Simon
1760–1825
Modern · Social reform
Philosopher · Writer · Politician
Igor Stravinsky
1882–1971
Contemporary · Music
Composer
Imre Nagy
1896–1958
Contemporary · Politics
Politician
Alaric I
c. 370–410
Ancient · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
1748–1836
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · revolutionary
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
1707–1788
Early modern · Science
Naturalist · Biologist · Writer
Ivan Turgenev
1818–1883
Modern · Literature
Novelist · Playwright · Writer
Diogenes of Sinope
c. 400 BC–c. 323 BC
Ancient · Philosophy
Philosopher
Girolamo Savonarola
1452–1498
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · theologian · Politician · Writer
Jean-Francois Millet
1814–1875
Modern · Art
Painter
Jean Jaures
1859–1914
Modern · Politics
Politician · Journalist · historian
Jerome
c. 345–420
Ancient · Religion
theologian · translator · historian · Writer
Honore Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau
1749–1791
Early modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · Journalist
Alexander Nevsky
1220–1263
Medieval · Military
Monarch · Military leader
Johannes Brahms
1833–1897
Modern · Music
Composer
Julian
331–363
Ancient · Politics
Emperor · Philosopher · Writer
Basil II
958–1025
Medieval · Politics
Emperor · Monarch · Military leader
Jeremy Bentham
1748–1832
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Lawyer · Writer
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
1762–1814
Early modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · Writer · Teacher
Donatello
1386–1466
Medieval · Art
Sculptor · Painter
Julius II
1443–1513
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · Politician
Ptolemy I Soter
c. 366 BC–286 BC
Ancient · Politics
Monarch · Military leader · historian
Joseph Goebbels
1897–1945
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · Journalist
Louis XVI of France
1754–1793
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Spartacus
c. 103 BC–c. 71 BC
Ancient · Social reform
revolutionary · Military leader
Xenophon
c. 431 BC–c. 354 BC
Ancient · Literature
historian · Writer · Philosopher · Military commander
Maximilian I
1459–1519
Early modern · Politics
Emperor · Monarch
Lajos Kossuth
1802–1894
Modern · Politics
Politician · Lawyer · Journalist
Maximilien Robespierre
1758–1794
Early modern · Politics
Lawyer · Politician · revolutionary
Leopold II of Belgium
1835–1909
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Novalis
1772–1801
Early modern · Literature
Poet · Writer · Philosopher
Leopold von Ranke
1795–1886
Modern · Literature
historian · Writer · Teacher
Pope Paul III
1468–1549
Early modern · Religion
Religious leader · Politician
Philipp Melanchthon
1497–1560
Early modern · Religion
theologian · Philosopher · Writer · Teacher
Richard III of England
1452–1485
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Military leader
Prince Henry the Navigator
1394–1460
Medieval · Exploration
Explorer · Military leader
William the Conqueror
1028–1087
Medieval · Military
Monarch · Military commander
Thomas Cook
1808–1892
Modern · Business
Entrepreneur
Louis Blanc
1811–1882
Modern · Social reform
Politician · Writer · Journalist
Horatio Nelson
1758–1805
Early modern · Military
Naval officer · Military commander
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
1802–1857
Modern · Politics
Politician · Military commander
Louis-Philippe I
1773–1850
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Manuel Azaña
1880–1940
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · Lawyer
Maxim Gorky
1868–1936
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Playwright · Journalist
Miguel Primo de Rivera
1870–1930
Modern · Politics
Politician · Military commander
Mikhail Bakunin
1814–1876
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · revolutionary · Political activist · Writer
Neville Chamberlain
1869–1940
Modern · Politics
Politician
Nikolai Gogol
1809–1852
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Playwright · Poet
Pablo Picasso
1881–1973
Modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor · Printmaker · Designer · Writer
Paul Cezanne
1839–1906
Modern · Art
Painter · Printmaker
Paul Gauguin
1848–1903
Modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor · Printmaker
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1841–1919
Modern · Art
Painter · Sculptor · Printmaker
Pierre de Coubertin
1863–1937
Modern · Social reform
Writer · Teacher · historian · Politician
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1840–1893
Modern · Music
Composer · translator
Roald Amundsen
1872–1928
Modern · Exploration
Explorer · Aircraft pilot · film director · Writer
Robert Koch
1843–1910
Modern · Medicine
Physician · Microbiologist · Chemist · Biologist
Robert Owen
1771–1858
Modern · Social reform
Entrepreneur · Political activist · Writer · Philosopher
Romain Rolland
1866–1944
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist · Playwright · historian
Soren Kierkegaard
1813–1855
Modern · Philosophy
Philosopher · theologian · Writer · Poet · Novelist
Sigmund Freud
1856–1939
Modern · Medicine
Physician · Writer
Stendhal
1783–1842
Modern · Literature
Writer · Novelist
Stephane Mallarme
1842–1898
Modern · Literature
Poet · Writer · translator
Theodor Herzl
1860–1904
Modern · Politics
Journalist · Writer · Lawyer · Playwright · Political activist
Rosa Luxemburg
1871–1919
Modern · Social reform
revolutionary · Political activist · Politician · Philosopher · Writer
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
1820–1878
Modern · Politics
Monarch
Wilhelm I
1797–1888
Modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
Wilhelm Rontgen
1845–1923
Modern · Science
Physicist · Engineer
William Ewart Gladstone
1809–1898
Modern · Politics
Politician · Writer · Statistician
William III of England
1650–1702
Early modern · Politics
Monarch · Politician
